Innovative Structural Materials in Construction: Properties, Durability, and Sustainability

Abstract

The construction sector is under growing pressure to reduce its carbon footprint while meeting increasing performance and durability demands. This article provides a comprehensive review of innovative structural materials that support the transition toward more sustainable civil engineering practice. The discussion covers high- and ultra-high-performance concretes, geopolymer concretes, natural-fibre-based “green” composites, concretes incorporating recycled waste materials, self-healing cementitious systems, and fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) reinforcement. For each material group, the paper summarizes typical compositions, mechanical properties, and durability performance, with particular emphasis on compressive and tensile strength ranges, resistance to chemical and thermal attack, and long-term degradation mechanisms. Environmental aspects are analysed in terms of embodied CO₂, use of industrial by-products and renewable resources, waste valorisation, and life-cycle impacts related to extended service life and reduced maintenance. The review also identifies key barriers to large-scale implementation, including higher initial costs, lack of design standards, variability of waste-based constituents, and unresolved long-term performance issues. Finally, the paper outlines research and development priorities, such as hybrid material concepts, more robust design guidelines, and demonstration projects, and highlights the importance of coordinated action by researchers, industry, and policymakers to unlock the full potential of innovative materials in sustainable construction.